STAR voting: Difference between revisions
Removed unofficial variations and added the official variations of STAR Voting for multi-winner elections, with citations. The methods previously described under this section are not STAR Voting and should be described on their own pages and with their own names if they are important to the previous authors. I also made some edits throughout to correct inaccuracies, add details, and add citations. While Score voting is a family of methods in which xyz, STAR is a specific method being advocated.
(Removed unofficial variations and added the official variations of STAR Voting for multi-winner elections, with citations. The methods previously described under this section are not STAR Voting and should be described on their own pages and with their own names if they are important to the previous authors. I also made some edits throughout to correct inaccuracies, add details, and add citations. While Score voting is a family of methods in which xyz, STAR is a specific method being advocated.) |
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{{wikipedia}}'''STAR voting'''<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.starvoting.us/ |title = STAR voting - front page |last = |first = |date = |website = starvoting.us |publisher = |access-date = 2018-07-10 |quote = STAR voting. |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://ivn.us/2018/07/09/revolutionary-new-voting-method-bolstered-16000-voters-oregon-county/ |title = Revolutionary New Voting Method Bolstered By over 16,000 Voters in Oregon County |date = 2015-07-09 |newspaper = The Independent Voter Network |access-date = 2016-07-10 |last=|first=|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Voting method|electoral system]] [[:Category:Single-winner voting methods|for single-seat elections]], though variations exist for multi-seat and multi-seat proportional representation elections. The name stands for "score then automatic runoff", referring to the fact that this system is a combination of [[score voting]] and [[runoff voting]]. It is a type of [[cardinal voting]] electoral system. It was previously known as '''score runoff voting''' ('''SRV''').
[[File:Score Runoff Voting sample presidential ballot.png|thumb|STAR voting uses a standard Score Voting ballot. The counting method adds an extra step to yield the preference winner between the top two scoring candidates overall.]]
Voters cast ballots as in score voting, rating each candidate
== Usage ==
The concept was invented by Mark Frohnmayer and Clay Shentrup<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://starvoting.us/about|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> and was first proposed publicly in October 2014 by Center for Election Science co-founder Clay Shentrup.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://groups.google.com/d/msg/electionscience/JK82EFn7nrs/Lble3V2CW4UJ |title = Google Groups |website = groups.google.com |access-date = 2017-04-05 }}</ref> The runoff step was introduced in order to correct for strategic distortion in ordinary score voting,<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://ivn.us/2016/12/08/score-runoff-voting/ |title = Score Runoff Voting: The New Voting Method that Could Save Our Democratic Process |date = 2016-12-08 |website = IVN.us |access-date = 2017-04-05 }}</ref> such as [[bullet voting]] and tactical maximization.<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://equal.vote/strategic_srv |title = Strategic SRV? - Equal Vote Coalition |work = Equal Vote Coalition |access-date = 2017-04-05 }}</ref> Thus, STAR is intended to be a compromise between [[score voting]] and [[instant runoff voting]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://equal.vote |title = Equal Vote Coalition |work = Equal Vote Coalition |access-date = 2017-04-05 }}</ref> The movement to implement STAR voting was initially centered in [[w:Oregon|Oregon]], and in July 2018, supporters submitted over 16,000 signatures for a ballot initiative in [[w:Lane County, OR|Lane County]].
==Method==
STAR voting uses a [[ratings ballot]];
==Ties==
Tie votes in STAR Voting are rare, but as with any voting method they can occur, especially in elections without many voters. In most cases, ties in STAR voting can be broken by referring back to the ballots themselves for either the Scoring or Runoff round. Ties in the Scoring round are broken in favor of the candidate who was preferred by more voters. Ties in the Runoff round are broken in favor of the candidate who was scored higher. Ties which can not be broken as above are considered a true tie. <ref>https://www.starvoting.us/ties</ref>
==Example==
{{Tenn voting example}}
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For comparison, note that traditional [[first-past-the-post]] would elect Memphis, even though most citizens consider it the worst choice, because 42% is larger than any other single city. [[Instant-runoff voting#Tennessee capital election|Instant-runoff voting]] would elect the 2nd-worst choice (Knoxville), because the central candidates would be eliminated early. In [[Approval voting]], with each voter selecting their top two cities, Nashville would win because of the significant boost from Memphis residents. A [[Two-round system#Example II|two-round system]] would have a runoff between Memphis and Nashville where Nashville would win.
==Variations==
STAR Voting can be used for multi-winner elections as in STAR bloc voting or it can be used for proportional representation elections.
'''Bloc STAR Voting:''' Each voter scores all the candidates on a scale from 0-5. All the scores are added and the two highest scoring candidates advance to an automatic runoff. The finalist who was preferred by (scored higher by) more voters wins the first seat. The next two highest scoring candidates then runoff, with the finalist preferred by more voters winning the next seat. This process continues until all positions are filled. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electowiki.org/wiki/Bloc_voting|title=Bloc voting|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''Proportional STAR Voting:''' Each voter scores all the candidates on a scale from 0-5. The results are tabulated using a proportional STAR algorithm such as Sequentially Spent STAR. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electowiki.org/wiki/Sequentially_Spent_Score|title=Sequentially Spent Score|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The Equal Vote Coalition is in the process of determining the official recommendation for proportional STAR Voting (STAR-PR.) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://starvoting.us/star_pr|title=0-5 Star Proportional Research Committee|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
==Properties==
STAR voting allows voters to express
STAR voting satisfies the [[monotonicity criterion]], i.e. raising your vote's score for a candidate can never hurt their chances of winning, and lowering it can never help their chances. It fails several generalized versions of monotonicity that [[Score voting]] passes.
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For simplicity, the candidates have been sorted by scores, with their scores in bold in their own pairwise comparison cell. The top two candidates are not tied scorewise with anyone else, so they both are in the automatic runoff. Between the two, "I don't like party politics" is pairwise preferred (has 4 more votes in the matchup), so it wins.
== Notes ==
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