Electoral system: Difference between revisions
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{{Wikipedia}}
'''Voting systems''' or '''election methods''' are methods for groups of people to select one or more options from many, taking into account the individual preferences of the group members, or more generally to find society's preference among all the candidates (1st place, 2nd place, etc.). Voting is often seen as the defining feature of democracy, and is best known for its use in elections — but it can also be used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or as a means for computer programs to evaluate which solution is best for a complex problem.
A key property of voting systems is that, because they are algorithms, they must be formally defined. Consensus, for example, which is sometimes put forward as a voting system, is more properly a broad way of working with others, analogous to democracy or anarchy.
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** [[Random ballot]]
* [[Ordinal Voting]]: A valid vote can rank candidates 1,2,3... (Tied rankings are permitted in some methods but not others)
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*** [[Instant-runoff voting]] (IRV, also known as alternative vote or "preference voting")
*** [[Supplementary vote]]: simplified IRV process (two rankings, two rounds)
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*** Majority voting or Maximum Majority voting: another term often used for Condorcet methods
** [[Bucklin voting]]: approval with virtual runoff; each voters' ballot is counted for more candidates each round until some candidate reaches a majority
* [[Cardinal Voting]]: voting A valid vote allows independent numerical values to be associated with each candidate. (The set of valid values is limited. So it's usually voting on a scale of, say, 0 to 5)
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** [[Score Voting]]
** [[STAR voting]]
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*[[Victor d'Hondt]] (devised a method of seat allocation under proportional representation)
*[[Kenneth Arrow]] (mathematically demonstrated the limitations of voting systems)
== Notes ==
Both Condorcet methods and the two main rated methods, Approval voting and Score voting, attempt to elect a candidate who would win within those methods if it was just that candidate and any other candidate in a head-to-head competition.
Bucklin (which can be thought of as one of the rated Majority Judgement family of methods) is a way to make rated methods more majoritarian by passing the mutual majority criterion.
Choose-one FPTP voting can be thought of as a constrained rated method, with IRV being a way to make FPTP more majoritarian by passing the mutual majority criterion (and guaranteeing the Condorcet winner will win if they get over 1/3rd of the active votes in any round).
See the [[ballot]] article.
==See also==
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