Negative vote: Difference between revisions

'''Negative vote''', also called '''bipolar voting'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Daniel|last2=Lowi|first2=Theodore|date=2001|title=Reforming American Electoral Politics: Let's Take “No” for an Answer|url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1049096501000506|journal=Political Science & Politics|language=en|volume=34|issue=02|pages=277–280|doi=10.1017/S1049096501000506|issn=1049-0965|via=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|date=2003|title=“Bipolar Voting” Not a New Idea|url=http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1049096503001586|journal=Political Science and Politics|language=en|volume=36|issue=01|pages=1|doi=10.1017/S1049096503001586|issn=1049-0965|via=}}</ref> or '''balanced plurality voting''' ('''BPV''')<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.opednews.com/articles/Yet-Another-Balanced-Votin-by-Paul-Cohen-Balanced-Voting_Election_Polls_Voting-Machine-Election-Fraud-2018-2020-180323-296.html|title=Yet Another Balanced Voting Method|last=Cohen|first=Paul|date=2018-03-23|website=OpEdNews|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-20|quote=BPV was the very first example of Balanced Voting (but since then, renamed) to be described in this series of articles.}}</ref> is a modification of [[FPTP]], in which voters can choose to either support a single candidate, or vote against a single candidate. The negative votes are subtracted from positive votes for each candidate, and the candidate with the highest total is the winner.

[[Steven Brams]] was initially interested in Boehm's proposal, and analyzed the system in three-candidate elections,<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|title=When is it Advantageous to Cast a Negative Vote?|date=1977|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-45494-3_45|work=Mathematical Economics and Game Theory|volume=141|pages=564–572|editor-last=Henn|editor-first=Rudolf|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-45494-3_45|isbn=978-3-540-08063-3|access-date=2020-04-19|editor2-last=Moeschlin|editor2-first=Otto}}</ref> but soon learned of [[approval voting]] from Robert Weber, compared the two systems,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brams|first=Steven|date=1976|title=One Man, n Votes, Module in Applied Mathematics|url=|journal=Mathematical Association of America, Ithaca: Cornell University|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|title=Comparison Voting|date=1983|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-5430-0_3|work=Political and Related Models|volume=|pages=32–65|editor-last=|editor-first=|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-5430-0_3|isbn=978-1-4612-5432-4|access-date=2020-04-19|editor2-last=|editor2-first=|editor3-last=|editor3-first=}}</ref> and started advocating for approval voting instead.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/ocm96045998|title=Approval voting|last2=Fishburn|first2=Peter C.|date=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-49895-9|edition=2nd ed|location=New York|oclc=ocm96045998|year=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|xv}}

It is intended to eliminate extremist candidates, empower moderates, encourage positive campaigning,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|35}} and promote more peaceful politics.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />