Negative vote: Difference between revisions
psychology vs math ref
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It was originally proposed by George A.W. Boehm in 1976 in an essay<ref>{{Citation|last=Boehm|first=George A. W.|title=One Fervent Vote against Wintergreen|date=1976|volume=|pages=|type=Unpublished mimeograph}}</ref> sent to various social choice theorists, which referenced the plot of the 1931 musical [[W:Of Thee I Sing|''Of Thee I Sing'']], in which a candidate wins the US presidency despite being a bumbling crook,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.negative.vote/about/|title=About|website=Negative Vote|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19|date=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live|quote=curb the influence of extremists on both sides of the political spectrum and empower the middle-minded, moderate majority}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Poundstone|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbxL3A-pWagC|title=Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)|date=2009-02-17|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-8090-4892-2|language=en|year=|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|187}} proposing that voters be given the option to vote ''against'' a candidate like Wintergreen rather than ''for'' someone else.
[[Steven Brams]] was initially interested in Boehm's proposal, and analyzed the system in three-candidate elections,<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|title=When is it Advantageous to Cast a Negative Vote?|date=1977|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-45494-3_45|work=Mathematical Economics and Game Theory|volume=141|pages=564–572|editor-last=Henn|editor-first=Rudolf|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-45494-3_45|isbn=978-3-540-08063-3|access-date=2020-04-19|editor2-last=Moeschlin|editor2-first=Otto}}</ref> but soon learned of [[approval voting]] from Robert Weber, compared the two systems,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brams|first=Steven|date=1976|title=One Man, n Votes, Module in Applied Mathematics|url=|journal=Mathematical Association of America, Ithaca: Cornell University|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|title=Comparison Voting|date=1983|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-5430-0_3|work=Political and Related Models|volume=|pages=32–65|editor-last=|editor-first=|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-5430-0_3|isbn=978-1-4612-5432-4|access-date=2020-04-19|editor2-last=|editor2-first=|editor3-last=|editor3-first=}}</ref> and started advocating for approval voting instead.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Brams|first=Steven J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mediawiki/oclc/ocm96045998|title=Approval voting|last2=Fishburn|first2=Peter C.|date=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-49895-9|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=ocm96045998|year=|pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|xv}}
It is currently advocated by the Negative Vote Association in Taiwan,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.negativevote.org/pagesen/pid_0/8.html?lang=en|title=About Us|last=|first=|date=|website=負數票協會 Negative Vote Association|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-20|quote=will weed out extremist candidates, societies will become more harmonious internally and less likely to go to war against neighbors.}}</ref> chiefly by Sam (Tien Shang) Chang, and by NEGATIVE.VOTE in Chicago (though this organization has expanded<ref name=":3" /> to adding a negative option to other voting methods as well, such as [[W:Combined approval voting|Balanced Approval]], Balanced [[Instant-runoff voting|RCV]], etc.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.negative.vote/|title=Home|website=Negative Vote|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
It is intended to eliminate extremist candidates, empower moderates, encourage positive campaigning,<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|35}} and promote more peaceful politics.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
== Notes ==
Although negative voting is mathematically equivalent to FPTP in two-candidate elections,<ref name=":4" /> and equivalent to approval voting in three-candidate elections, the psychological impact of voting against a candidate may nevertheless change voter behavior and turnout.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baujard|first=Antoinette|last2=Gavrel|first2=Frédéric|last3=Igersheim|first3=Herrade|last4=Laslier|first4=Jean-François|last5=Lebon|first5=Isabelle|date=|year=2018|title=How voters use grade scales in evaluative voting|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01618039/document|journal=European Journal of Political Economy|volume=55|pages=6–9|doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.09.006|issn=0176-2680|via=}}</ref>
The common argument Negative vote advocates make is that in a two-faction election, partisans of both sides will "cancel each other out" by putting positive votes on their own side's candidates and negative votes on the other side's candidates, allowing candidates "in the middle" to win with some votes from centrist voters and no opposition from the partisans, who will be more focused on stopping the other side.
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