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{{wikipedia|Duverger's law}}
'''Duverger's law''' holds that [[plurality voting system|plurality-rule]] elections (such as ''[[first past the post]]'') structured within [[Single-member district|single-member districts]] tend to favor a two-party system, whereas "the [[two-round system|double ballot majority system]] and [[proportional representation]] tend to favor multipartism".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mischiefsoffaction.com/2014/12/remembering-duverger.html
| title = Remembering Duverger
| first = Anna
| last = Grzymala-Busse
| date = 31 December 2014
| website = Mischiefs of Faction
| access-date = 28 April 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160504220311/http://www.mischiefsoffaction.com/2014/12/remembering-duverger.html
| archive-date = 4 May 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Sartori
| first = Giovanni
| authorlink = wikipedia:Giovanni Sartori
| title = Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes
| year = 1994
| publisher = Macmillan
}}</ref> The discovery of this tendency is attributed to [[Wikipedia:Maurice Duverger|Maurice Duverger]], a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.
Duverger's law draws from a model of causality from the electoral system to a party system. A [[proportional representation]] (PR) system creates electoral conditions that foster the development of many parties, whereas a plurality system marginalizes smaller political parties, generally resulting in a two-party system.
Most countries with plurality voting have representation in their legislatures by more than two parties. While the United States is very much a two-party system, the United Kingdom, Canada and India have consistently had multiparty parliaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/duvergers-law-dead-parrot-dunleavy/|title=Duverger's Law is a dead parrot. Outside the USA, first-past-the-post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics|first=Patrick|last=Dunleavy|website=blogs.lse.ac.uk|date=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| title = Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections
| first1 = Patrick
| last1 = Dunleavy
| first2 = Rekha
| last2 = Diwakar
| doi = 10.1177/1354068811411026
| journal = Party Politics
| year = 2013
| volume = 19
| issue = 6
| pages = 855–886
| url = http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38452/1/Dunleavy_Analysing%20multiparty_2014_author.pdf
}}</ref>. However, only the two dominant parties of their times have formed governments in the United Kingdom and Canada. Eric Dickson and Ken Scheve argue that there is a counter force to Duverger's law, that on the national level a plurality system encourages two parties, but in the individual constituencies [[supermajority|supermajorities]] will lead to the vote fracturing.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates|journal=British Journal of Political Science|first1=Eric S.|last1=Dickson|first2=Kenneth|last2=Scheve|volume=40|issue=2|year=2010|pages=349–375|jstor=40649446|doi=10.1017/s0007123409990354|url=http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/dickson/dickson_candidates.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.75.155|access-date=2017-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721203318/http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/faculty/dickson/dickson_candidates.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Wikipedia:Steven Reed (political scientist)|Steven R. Reed]] has shown Duverger's law to work in Japan<ref>{{cite journal|title=Structure and Behaviour: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case|journal=British Journal of Political Science|first1=Steven R.|last1=Reed|volume=20|issue=3|year=1990|pages=335–356|jstor=193914|doi=10.1017/S0007123400005871}}</ref> and Italy.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Duverger's Law is Working in Italy|journal=Comparative Political Studies|first1=Steven R.|last1=Reed|volume=34|issue=3|year=2010|pages=312–327|doi=10.1177/0010414001034003004}}</ref>
== See also ==
Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:Two-party system|two-party system]], [[Wikipedia:Multi-party system|multi-party system]], [[Wikipedia:Party system|party system]]
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Voting theory]]
{{fromwikipedia|Duverger's law|oldid=954923250}}
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