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Proportional representation: Difference between revisions
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'''Proportional representation''' ('''PR''') characterizes [[electoral system]]s in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.<ref name=JSM7>{{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title=Considerations on Representative Government|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn |location=London|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> The most widely used families of "proportional representation" electoral systems are [[party-list proportional representation|party-list PR]], the [[single transferable vote]] (STV), and [[mixed-member proportional representation]] (MMP).<ref name="DouglasHowPrElecWork">{{cite web|last=Amy|first=Douglas J|title=How Proportional Representation Elections Work |url=http://www.fairvote.org/how_proportional_representation_elections_work |publisher=[[FairVote]]| access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
[[Voting theorists]] frequently debate which systems can be called "proportional representation", and consider the levels of proportionality achieved by various systems from "low proportional" to "high proportional". The concept of "proportional representation" can be quantified as a measure of the outcome of an election where there are multiple parties and multiple members are elected, and the representatives are demographically similar to the voting population. It is one of many [[types of representation]] in a [[W:Representative government|representative government]].
== Usage ==
Typically in the countries that use "high proportional" systems, there are more than two large political parties, and representatives will be chosen from many different parties. When the majority of voters favor one party, that party usually forms the government in parliamentary systems. Otherwise the government that is formed will usually have members of more than one party.
Countries which use systems designed to achieve high proportional representation include: [[Austria]], [[Argentina]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Greece]], [[Iceland]], [[Ireland]], [[Israel]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Turkey]].
Countries which have semi-proportional representation systems include: [[Australia]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[India]], [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[New Zealand
Similar principles apply to sub-regions, who may have their own parliament or assembly. For example, in [[W:Scotland|Scotland]], after the passage of the [[W:Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004|Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004]], the Scottish portion of the [[United Kingdom]] uses [[single transferable vote]] to select many of their local representatives.
== Measures ==
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