Single-member district: Difference between revisions
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{{Wikipedia}} |
{{Wikipedia}} |
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A '''single-member district''' or '''single-member constituency''' is an [[w:electoral district|electoral district]] that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a [[w:legislature|legislature]]. This is also sometimes called '''single-winner voting''' or '''winner takes all'''. The alternatives are [[Multi-Member System|multi-member district]]s, or the election of a body by the whole electorate voting as one constituency. |
A '''single-member district''' (SMD) or '''single-member constituency''' is an [[w:electoral district|electoral district]] that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a [[w:legislature|legislature]]. This is also sometimes called '''single-winner voting''' or '''winner takes all'''. The alternatives are [[Multi-Member System|multi-member district]]s, or the election of a body by the whole electorate voting as one constituency (i.e. [[proportional representation]]). |
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Many single member systems can be run independently in districts to form a [[Regional System]]. |
Many single member systems can be run independently in districts to form a [[Regional System]]. |
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* [[Plurality voting]]: A valid vote can choose only one candidate |
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* [[Approval voting]]: A valid vote can only give a yes or nothing to a given candidate. |
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* [[Ordinal voting]]: A valid vote can rank candidates 1,2,3... (Tied rankings are permitted in some methods but not others) |
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* [[Cardinal voting]]: voting A valid vote allows independent numerical values to be associated with each candidate. (The set of valid values is limited.) |
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There are two two key factors in single member representation: how the members are chosen (the voting method) and how the districts are drawn. |
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=Classification= |
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==District Allocation== |
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==[[Plurality voting]]== |
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There is only one way to combine plurality votes. |
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==[[Approval voting]] and [[Cardinal voting]]== |
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Since Approval is the degenerate case of Cardinal Ballots they have the same A sum would give the [[Utilitarian_winner]] while a median would give the majoritarian winner. |
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==[[Ordinal voting]]== |
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[[Borda count]] and [[Instant-runoff voting]] are common aggregation methods |
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In most SMD systems, districts are divided by units of population, by administrative subregions, or other metrics to equalize representation (in theory). |
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The process of changing the SMD boundaries is called '''redistricting'''. Changing districts for partisan gain is called [[Gerrymandering|'''gerrymandering''']]. |
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==Popular Single Member systems== |
==Popular Single Member systems== |
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*[[Plurality Voting]]: A valid vote can choose only one candidate |
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** [[Single Member Plurality]] |
** [[Single Member Plurality]] |
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** [[Random ballot]] |
** [[Random ballot]] |
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; Automatic Truncation Line Option (ATLO) : A voter may mark a line in his/her ranking, meaning that if no one above the line wins, then that voter wants to drop from his/her ranking all of his/her below-line candidates and have a recount. (In pairwise-count methods the dropping only takes place if, additionally, there's a circular tie containing above-line and below-line candidates). |
; Automatic Truncation Line Option (ATLO) : A voter may mark a line in his/her ranking, meaning that if no one above the line wins, then that voter wants to drop from his/her ranking all of his/her below-line candidates and have a recount. (In pairwise-count methods the dropping only takes place if, additionally, there's a circular tie containing above-line and below-line candidates). |
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[[Category:Types of representation]] |