Approval voting: Difference between revisions
Add paragraph on IIA not necessarily implying a lack of spoiler effect; also do some minor cleanup.
(Integrating the text I copied in from English Wikipedia) |
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Proposals to implement approval voting for municipal elections in the United States, were approved in referendums in Fargo, North Dakota, in 2018, and St. Louis, Missouri, in 2020. Fargo used approval voting in June 2020 to elect two at-large seats on its city council,<ref name="Ballotpedia Fargo">[https://ballotpedia.org/Fargo,_North_Dakota,_Measure_1,_Approval_Voting_Initiative_(November_2018) Fargo, North Dakota, Measure 1, Approval Voting Initiative (November 2018)], November 7, 2018 ''[[Ballotpedia]]''</ref><ref name="Fargo approves">[https://ivn.us/2018/11/06/one-americas-famous-towns-becomes-first-nation-adopt-approval-voting/ One of America’s Most Famous Towns Becomes First in the Nation to Adopt Approval Voting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185459/https://ivn.us/2018/11/06/one-americas-famous-towns-becomes-first-nation-adopt-approval-voting/|date=2018-11-07}}, accessed November 7, 2018</ref><ref name="Fargo votes">{{cite web |url=https://www.publicnewsservice.org/2020-06-10/civic-engagement/fargo-becomes-first-u-s-city-to-try-approval-voting/a70495-1 |title=Fargo Becomes First U.S. City to Try Approval Voting |last=Moen |first=Mike |date=June 10, 2020 |work=Public News Service |access-date=December 3, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="St. Louis approves">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=November 4, 2020|title=St. Louis Voters Approve Nonpartisan Elections|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/missouri/articles/2020-11-04/st-louis-voters-approve-nonpartisan-elections|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=December 3, 2020|work=US News and World Report}}</ref> and St. Louis used it to advance two candidates in March 2021 in the nonpartisan election mayor and aldermen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rakich|first=Nathaniel|date=2021-03-01|title=In St. Louis, Voters Will Get To Vote For As Many Candidates As They Want|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/in-st-louis-voters-will-get-to-vote-for-as-many-candidates-as-they-want/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=March 2, 2021 Non-Partisan Primary Municipal Election|url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/board-election-commissioners/elections/election.cfm?customel_datapageid_524494=852866|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-04|website=City of St. Louis Board of Election Commissioners|language=en}}</ref> See [[W:2021 St. Louis mayoral election|2021 St. Louis mayoral election]] on [[English Wikipedia]] to learn more about that election.
[[Robert J. Weber]] coined the term "Approval Voting" in 1971.<ref>{{citation|title=Approval Voting|first1=Steven J.|last1=Brams|author1-link=Steven Brams|first2=Peter C.|last2=
(<small>brief intro above copied from Wikipedia<ref>Introduction copied from Wikipedia's [[Approval voting]] article ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Approval_voting&oldid=967925338 oldid=967925338] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Approval_voting&oldid=1036612916 oldid=1036612916])</ref></small>)
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==Criteria Passed==
Approval voting satisfies the [[unanimous consensus criterion]] and [[greatest possible consensus criterion]]. It is strongly promoted by advocates of consensus democracy for
==Potential for tactical voting==
Approval voting passes a form of the [[monotonicity criterion]], in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning. Indeed, there is never a reason for a voter to [[tactical voting|tactically vote]] for a candidate X without voting for all candidates he or she prefers to candidate X. Approval voting satisfies the [[monotonicity criterion]], the [[participation criterion]], the [[Consistency Criterion]], the [[summability criterion]], the [[Weak Defensive Strategy criterion]], [[Independence of irrelevant alternatives]], the [[Non-compulsory support criterion]] and the [[Independence of equivalent candidates criterion]].
While [[independence of irrelevant alternatives]] usually implies a complete lack of a spoiler effect, in Approval voting the implication does not necessarily hold. If honest voters are expected to translate their preferences into an Approval ballot by making use of a particular rule, the rule may lead the election outcome to depend on what non-winning candidates were present. See [[Independence of irrelevant alternatives#Implications|implications of IIA]].
===Means of expressing sincere preferences===
As approval voting does not offer a single method of expressing sincere preferences, but rather a plethora of them, voters are encouraged to analyze their fellow voters' preferences and use that information to decide which candidates to vote for. Some strategies include:
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===Relation to effectiveness of choices===
[[Operations research]] has shown that the effectiveness of a policy and thereby a leader who sets several policies will be [[Logistic function|sigmoidally]] related to the level of approval associated with that policy or leader.{{citation needed|date=2021-12-05}} There is an acceptance level below which effectiveness is very low and above which it is very high. More than one candidate may be in the effective region, or all candidates may be in the ineffective region. Approval voting attempts to ensure that the most-approved candidate is selected, maximizing the chance that the resulting policies will be effective.
==Ballot types==
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