Spoiler effect: Difference between revisions

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(Copied first two paragraphs from wikipedia:Spoiler effect section of the wikipedia:Vote splitting article (this revision in particular: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vote_splitting&oldid=975349242 ). I plan to incorporate this a little bit better)
(Making the link to Vote splitting#Spoiler effect more prominent, and adding explicit #Links and #Footnotes sections at the bottom of the article)
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{{wikipedia|Vote splitting#Spoiler effect}}
{{see-wp}}The '''spoiler effect''' is the effect of vote splitting between candidates or ballot questions{{#tag:ref|Examples are the [[first past the post electoral system]] and in [[single transferable vote]] or similar systems with a first-preference votes [[winning percentage]].|group=n}} who often have similar ideologies. One '''spoiler candidate'''{{'s}} presence in the election draws votes from a major candidate with similar politics, thereby causing a strong opponent of both or several to win.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchler|first=Justin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bzmTImCLfgC|title=Hiring and Firing Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections|date=2011-04-20|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780199759965|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=a spoiler effect occurs when entry by a third-party candidate causes party A to defeat party B even though Party B would have won in a two-candidate race.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=King|first=Bridgett A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bCJDAAAQBAJ|title=Why Don't Americans Vote? Causes and Consequences: Causes and Consequences|last2=Hale|first2=Kathleen|date=2016-07-11|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440841163|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Those votes that are cast for minor party candidates are perceived as taking away pivotal votes from major party candidates. ... This phenomenon is known as the 'spoiler effect'.}}</ref><ref name="Borgers">{{Cite book|last=Borgers|first=Christoph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC|title=Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division|date=2010-01-01|publisher=SIAM|isbn=9780898716955|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does ''not'' do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heckelman|first=Jac C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrckCwAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Social Choice and Voting|last2=Miller|first2=Nicholas R.|date=2015-12-18|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783470730|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=A spoiler effect occurs when a single party or a candidate entering an election changes the outcome to favor a different candidate.}}</ref> The minor candidate causing this effect is referred to as a ''spoiler''.{{#tag:ref|A term designed to appeal to a wider section of the public as a result of the widespread, often national support of [[political party|political parties]].|group=n}} However, short of any [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud electoral fraud], this presents no grounds for a legal challenge.▼
 
▲{{see-wp}}The '''spoiler effect''' is the effect of vote splitting between candidates or ballot questions{{#tag:ref|Examples are the [[first past the post electoral system]] and in [[single transferable vote]] or similar systems with a first-preference votes [[winning percentage]].|group=n}} who often have similar ideologies. One '''spoiler candidate'''{{'s}} presence in the election draws votes from a major candidate with similar politics, thereby causing a strong opponent of both or several to win.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchler|first=Justin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bzmTImCLfgC|title=Hiring and Firing Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections|date=2011-04-20|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780199759965|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=a spoiler effect occurs when entry by a third-party candidate causes party A to defeat party B even though Party B would have won in a two-candidate race.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=King|first=Bridgett A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bCJDAAAQBAJ|title=Why Don't Americans Vote? Causes and Consequences: Causes and Consequences|last2=Hale|first2=Kathleen|date=2016-07-11|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440841163|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Those votes that are cast for minor party candidates are perceived as taking away pivotal votes from major party candidates. ... This phenomenon is known as the 'spoiler effect'.}}</ref><ref name="Borgers">{{Cite book|last=Borgers|first=Christoph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_XMHD4shnQC|title=Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division|date=2010-01-01|publisher=SIAM|isbn=9780898716955|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=Candidates C and D spoiled the election for B ... With them in the running, A won, whereas without them in the running, B would have won. ... Instant runoff voting ... does ''not'' do away with the spoiler problem entirely, although it ... makes it less likely}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Heckelman|first=Jac C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrckCwAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Social Choice and Voting|last2=Miller|first2=Nicholas R.|date=2015-12-18|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783470730|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=A spoiler effect occurs when a single party or a candidate entering an election changes the outcome to favor a different candidate.}}</ref> The minor candidate causing this effect is referred to as a ''spoiler''.{{#tag:ref|A term designed to appeal to a wider section of the public as a result of the widespread, often national support of [[political party|political parties]].|group=n}} However, short of any [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud electoral fraud], this presents no grounds for a legal challenge.
 
The spoiler effect is a problem in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system plurality voting systems] because they enable a candidate to win with less than half of the vote.
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The situation where there are only two or fewer candidates competing for a single seat i.e. to be the single winner (or more generally, any time there are N + 1 or fewer candidates competing for N seats) is often compared to the situation where there are more than two (or more than N + 1) candidates when discussing the spoiler effect. For example, [[Majority rule|majority rule]] guarantees a winner or a tie when there are two or fewer candidates, but when there are three or more, it is possible not to have a "majority winner" for any straightforward generalization of majority rule (i.e. maybe no candidate has a majority of 1st choices, or no candidate is a [[Condorcet cycle|beats-all Condorcet winner]], etc.), and moreover, in the event of a [[Condorcet cycle]], if certain candidates in the cycle drop out, the winner can change.
 
== Links ==
 
=== Footnotes ===
<references/>
[[Category:Election scenarios]]
Retrieved from "https://electowiki.org/wiki/Spoiler_effect"