Summability criterion

The summability criterion (sometimes referred to as "precinct summability" or "batch summability") is a criterion about the vote-counting process of electoral systems. Summability concerns whether a method can be counted in precincts instead of having to be counted at a central location.

Informally, a method is summable if precinct ballots can be reduced to a small summary, and that the center can combine these small summaries to determine the outcome of the election as a whole. This both makes it easier to verify election results and reduces the amount of information that has to be transmitted to a centralized counting location.

Unlike most other voting system criteria, it does not relate to the end result, only to the process.

This is important for elections with many voting jurisdictions to be able to practically transmit their vote totals for tabulation. Summability is important to be able to report real-time combined vote totals in an understandable way. Some non-summable methods require that the individual ballot images are are transmitted to a centralized counting location to find the combined result.

Requirements

Informally speaking, the amount of data that has to be transmitted from the precincts should be less than the amount of data on the ballots themselves. In other words, it must be more efficient to count the votes in precincts than to bring the votes to a centralized location.

The requirements can be split into three conditions:

1. Any election can be summarized into a precinct total, and the election method only needs the precinct total to determine the outcome for that precinct.
2. The space required for the precinct total must not grow too quickly as one adds new candidates, and should barely grow at all as one adds new voters.
3. The summaries can be combined in any order to produce a summary for the election as a whole.

Mathematical requirements

In mathematical terms, the respective conditions can be formalized as following:

1. Each vote should map onto a summable array, and the winner should be determined from the array sum for all votes cast.
2. An election method is kth-order summable if there exists a constant c such that in any election with n candidates and V voters, the required size of the array is at most cn^k log(V) bits.
3. The summable arrays can be combined with a summation operation that is associative and commutative.

If there is no value of k for which the method is kth-order summable, the method is non-summable.

Compliance

Back in 2009, English Wikipedia stated that the criterion was stated as follows:

Each vote should be able to be mapped onto a summable array, such that its size at most grows polynomially with respect to the amount of candidates, the summation operation is associative and commutative and the winner could be determined from the array sum for all votes cast alone.

Here at electowiki, we believe the following methods comply with the summability criterion:

• Plurality voting (also known as "choose-one voting") — In plurality voting, the number of ballots for each candidate may be counted, and these totals reported from each precinct.
• Approval voting — Though each ballot may contain votes for more than one candidate, the sum of all values for each candidate may be found at each precinct and reported.
• Borda count — Though each ballot contains votes for more than one candidate, and these votes may have different values, the sum of all values for each candidate may be found at each precinct and reported.
• Score voting — Though each ballot contains votes for more than one candidate, and these votes may have different values, the sum of all values for each candidate may be found at each precinct and reported.
• Most Condorcet methods (e.g. Schulze method, Ranked Pairs) — these can generally be added into a two-dimensional array
• Some Condorcet hybrids (e.g. Nanson's method, Majority Choice Approval)

As noted in William Poundstone's book Gaming the Vote, Instant-Runoff Voting does not comply. Potthoff also observes that IRV is not summable.

In many Condorcet methods, each ballot can be represented as a two-dimensional square array referred to as a pairwise matrix. The sum of these matrices may be reported from each precinct.

Summability levels

Restating the mathematical requirements above, a method is kth-order summable if an election involving $V$ voters and $c$ candidates can be summarized in a data structure such as a list or a matrix with "k" dimensions. Such a data structure obviates the need to transmit full ballot images from precincts in order to determine the winner of an election. The table below describes the number of dimensions required in precinct-level summaries as "summability levels":

Methods and their summability levels.

k=1	k=2	k=3	non-summable
Borda count Plurality voting Score voting Approval voting Plurality-based Party list PR Majority Judgment^ Single non-transferable vote Most forms of MCA	most Condorcet methods Borda-elimination (Baldwin and Nanson) MCA-IR, and some forms of MCA-AR Bucklin STAR voting	Adjusted Condorcet Plurality Correlated Instant Borda Runoff	Benham's method Descending Acquiescing Coalitions Instant-runoff voting Most methods providing party-agnostic Proportional representation

Examples

Summable methods

Points-scoring methods

Positional methods

In plurality voting, each vote is equivalent to a one-dimensional array with a 1 in the element for the selected candidate, and a 0 for each of the other candidates. The sum of the arrays for all the votes cast is simply a list of vote counts for each candidate.

Any weighted positional method can be summed this way, but with different one-dimensional arrays depending on the method.

Median methods

Alternatively, precincts may sum up the number of times each candidate was ranked at each of the $c$ possible ranks (or grades). This positional matrix can then be used to compute the result for any weighted positional method after the fact, or for median-based methods like graded Bucklin methods. This shows a contrast between median methods and point-scoring methods, where the grade level doesn't matter, only the strength/quality/degree of the grade (i.e. in points-scoring methods, two 1/5s are equivalent to one 2/5).

Cardinal methods

Approval voting is the same as plurality voting except that more than one candidate can get a 1 in the array for each vote. Each of the selected or "approved" candidates gets a 1, and the others get a 0.

For example, with Score voting, a voter who votes A:10 B:6 C:3 D:1 is treated as giving a 10 to A, a 6 to B, etc. Comparisons across different score scales can be made by dividing the score by the max score (i.e. instead of a 6, treat it as a 6/10=0.6, etc.) so that a voter who scores a candidate a 3 out of 5 and a voter who scores a candidate a 6 out of 10 can have their scores treated and counted the same without any issues.

Pairwise methods

Main article: Pairwise counting

Some voting methods, such as STAR voting are precinct-summable using voter's pairwise preference order alongside the total score received for each candidate.

Condorcet methods

In Schulze and many other summable Condorcet methods, each vote is equivalent to a two-dimensional array referred to as a pairwise matrix. If candidate A is ranked above candidate B, then the element in the A row and B column gets a 1, while the element in the B row and A column gets a 0. The pairwise matrices for all the votes are summed, and the winner is determined from the resulting pairwise matrix sum. The precincts' matrices may be added together to get the matrix for the whole electorate, just like a precinct's voters' matrices may be added together to get the matrix for that precinct.

For example, a voter who ranks all of the candidates A>B=C>D is treated as, in a matrix, giving:

	A	B	C	D
A	---	(A>B) 1	1	1
B	(B>A) 0	---	0	1
C	0	0	---	1
D	0	0	0	---

If some other voter ranked B above A, then that would be added into this matrix by adding a 1 to the B>A cell (i.e. increasing it from 0 to 1), etc.

Non-summable methods

Instant-runoff voting

IRV does not comply with the summability criterion. In the IRV system, a count can be maintained of identical votes, but votes do not correspond to a summable array. The total possible number of unique votes grows factorially with the number of candidates.

It is possible to reduce the amount of data required to call an IRV election by instead storing a Plurality count for all $2^{c}$ ways to eliminate some subset of the candidates. This gives an array of $2^{c-1}c-2^{c}+1=O(2^{c}c)$ elements; but that is still not polynomial.

Importance of summability

The summability criterion addresses implementation logistics. Election methods with lower summability levels are substantially easier to implement with integrity than methods with higher summability levels or methods that are non-summable. In addition, summability points to the simplicity of understanding how voters' support for candidates influences who wins in the voting method.

Example

Suppose, for example, that the number of candidates is ten.

• Under first-order summable methods like plurality or Approval voting, the votes at any level (precinct, ward, county, etc.) can be compressed into a list of ten numbers.
• For Schulze, a 10×10 matrix is needed (although only 10x9=90 data values are actually kept).
• In an IRV system, however, each precinct would need to send a list of ten numbers, the number of first-place votes for each candidate. The central system would then return to each precinct a candidate to eliminate. Each precinct would then return the first-place votes for each of the nine remaining candidates, and receive another candidate to eliminate. This would be repeated at most 9 times. This is more than the others.

IRV therefore requires more data transfer and storage than the other methods. The biggest challenge in using computers for public elections will always be security and integrity. If N-1 times more data needs to be transferred and stored, verification becomes more difficult and the potential for fraudulent tampering becomes slightly greater.

To illustrate this point, consider the verification of a vote tally for a national office. In a plurality election, each precinct verifies its vote count. This can be an open process where The counts for each precinct in a county can then be added to determine the county totals, and anyone with a calculator or computer can verify that the totals are correct. The same process is then repeated at the state level and the national level. If the votes are verified at the lowest (precinct) level, the numbers are available to anyone for independent verification, and election officials could never get away with "fudging" the numbers. Of course, if verified images of all the ballots are available to the public, then the whole counting process is available to anyone for independent verification, for any voting system.

Recounts

In first-order summable election systems, adding new ballots to the count (say, ballots that were found after the initial count, or late absentee ballots, or ballots that were initially ruled invalid) is as simple as "summing" the original result with the newly-found ballots. Under non-summable systems, though, finding new ballots means all ballots might possibly need to be recounted. This is not a big problem for computer recounts, but manual recounts can be extremely time-consuming and expensive.

Multi-winner generalizations and results

Generalized criteria

There's no one extension of the summability criterion for multiple winners, because the summability criterion only considers two variables (the number of voters and the number of candidates), whereas there's one more variable for a multi-winner method: the number of seats. One possible extension of the summability criterion is as follows:

• Weak summability: Suppose that the number of seats is fixed. Then the method should be summable in terms of the number of candidates and the logarithm of the number of voters, as a single-winner method is. However, the amount of information required may increase exponentially with the number of seats.

• Strong summability: There must exist a summary that passes summability (i.e. $O(\log(V)\cdot c^{k})$ bits in total) which can, after being compiled, be used to determine the outcome for the multi-winner method for any number of seats.

Results

Unless otherwise specified, these results pertain to strong summability.

Any method that requires no more than $O(\log(V)\cdot c^{k}\cdot s^{n})$ bits for $s$ seats, with $k$ and $n$ being constants, passes strong summability.

Most block voting methods that are based on summable single-winner methods are also of the same degree of summability in the multi-winner case, and strongly so.

Generally speaking, except for proportional Category:FPTP-based voting methods (which notably include Party list and SNTV), there are no seriously used summable Category:PSC-compliant voting methods.

Ebert's method is summable in $O(c^{2})$ for any number of seats.

Proportional approval voting is weakly k-summable with $O(\log(V)\cdot c^{k})$ bits, where k is the number of winners.

Forest Simmons has constructed a color-proportional method that's summable in $O(\log(V)\cdot c)$ for any number of seats.

It's unknown whether it's possible to construct a strongly summable Droop-proportional method.

Notes

Many voting methods that are summable to some degree can be manually summed in a harder way. For example, Score voting can be counted using a form of Pairwise counting that takes degree of preference into account.

Amount of vote-counting work

Summability focuses on the amount of data that has to be captured, but not necessarily the amount of work required to capture it. For example, when doing pairwise counting, an election featuring a ballot that ranks a candidate last requires as many marks to count as if the same ballot had been cast without the last-ranked candidate. Yet in practice, the vote-counters must still take some time to check that that candidate is indeed last-ranked, meaning some work is done even while no data was produced.

Number of data value types versus number of data values

Summability focuses to a large extent on the number of data value types, not just the amount of data overall that has to be captured. This can make a difference in certain cases; for example, the regular pairwise counting approach only requires $n^{2}-n$ data value types to be captured for all ballots, whereas the Negative vote-counting approach for pairwise counting requires $n^{2}$ value types. This is because the latter not only records preferences in each pairwise matchup, but also the number of ballots ranking each candidate. Yet, depending on implementation, the negative counting approach actually has the same upper bound on number of data values to capture as the regular approach, and in practice could require fewer.

Counting first choices

Some voting methods can be counted like Approval voting when counting:

• Approval-style ballots (a ballot that maximally supports some candidates and doesn't support any other candidates),.
• More generally, the 1st choices of a ballot can be counted like Approval for any ballots that rank one (or possibly more) candidates 1st, but show some support for some other candidates, (This means the ballot's support for its non-1st choice candidates may be harder to count).

reducing the amount of work otherwise necessary to count them. For example, Condorcet methods can have this done using a certain implementation of the Negative vote-counting approach for pairwise counting, or simply by using Pairwise counting#Counting first choices separately.

Two-way communication

Some non-summable methods can be counted using two-way communication, which is when the precincts both transmit and receive information to and from the central vote-counting authorities during the counting process.

Most sequential Cardinal PR require less two-way communication and/or centralized counting work than most other PR methods.

See also

• Voting system
• Monotonicity criterion
• Condorcet Criterion
• Generalized Condorcet criterion
• Favorite betrayal criterion
• Participation criterion

See also

• Voting system
• Monotonicity criterion
• Condorcet Criterion
• Generalized Condorcet criterion
• Favorite betrayal criterion
• Participation criterion

Some parts of this article are derived with permission from text at http://electionmethods.org

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This page was migrated from the "Summability_criterion" page on wiki.electorama.com. To view the authors prior to the migration, view the "Summability_criterion" page edit history prior to 2018-10-01